Drag to rotate · scroll or pinch to zoom · right-drag or two fingers to pan
Normal adult
On the traces
At the bedside
Listen
Model sound is synthesized from these traces and plays in sync at real-time speed (it pauses in slow motion). Headphones help: most heart-sound energy is below 200 Hz.
No openly licensed patient recording of this condition was found, so only the model sound (Sound on) is available here.
Motion is a smooth deformation of the static model; the LV wall thickens as it contracts, and in a coronary occlusion the shaded territory neither moves inward nor thickens. The valve leaflets open and close with the pressures; a leaking valve glows amber and an obstructed one orange, and the colour-Doppler jet shows the abnormal flow. Pressures are illustrative composites built so every valve event falls where the pressures cross, then played out beat by beat (AF, PVCs, respiration) — teaching curves, not patient recordings. Model sounds are synthesized from the same timeline; the patient recordings are real and come from the open BMD-HS dataset.
For ultrasound physics and in-depth echocardiography, see The Heart by Ultrasound (intro2echo.com). A simulated B-mode image, formed from the beating 3D model's cross-section in standard display orientation: fully developed speckle that moves with the wall, lateral blur that grows with depth, bright echoes where an interface faces the beam, fainter myocardium where the wall runs along the beam (the familiar lateral-wall and septal dropout), trabeculated endocardial borders, the pericardium, a layered chest wall or the liver near field, lung beside the heart, and acoustic shadowing behind a calcified valve. Valve leaflets are drawn on the model's annulus and open and close from the pressure model (the mitral and tricuspid leaflets also follow inflow: wide open in the E wave, drifting closed in diastasis, reopening with the A wave). The mitral and tricuspid leaflets are thin, slightly thicker at the hinge and the rough zone, meet over a short coaptation zone when shut, and show chordae to any papillary muscle in the plane; in the MR scenario the posterior mitral leaflet prolapses into the LA, and in the TR scenario the tricuspid leaflets leave a coaptation gap; spectral Doppler comes from the same pressures with v = √(ΔP/4). Colour Doppler is a velocity field read along each beam line: flow converging on a regurgitant or stenotic orifice (its aliasing shell is the PISA), a jet that slows and widens downstream, aliasing past the Nyquist limit and a mosaic in fast jets; the orifice follows the severity setting. The chambers remodel with each disease (LVH, dilation, atrial and RV enlargement) and the calipers measure the cut at end-diastole. The model's appendage is a collapsed lobe and its septum a uniform band, so the left atrial appendage lumen (with pectinate muscles) and the fossa ovalis are drawn by the simulator. Click a label to select that structure.
Drag the phase bar or any trace to scrub through the beat (it pauses); ← → steps 5 ms, Shift 40 ms.
Anterior view — the patient’s right is on your left.